Toby Goes to Catholic School: Gender Expression Human Rights, and Ontario Catholic School Board Policy
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.53967/cje-rce.v45i3.5443Mots-clés :
expression de genre, identité de genre, transgenre, Ontario, conseils scolaires, politiques, Loi Toby, droits de la personneRésumé
Dans cet article, nous partageons les résultats d’une analyse des documents de politiques des conseils scolaires catholiques de l’Ontario (n = 179) comprenant les plus récents fondements ayant trait aux droits de la personne du Canada : l’expression de genre et l’identité de genre. Notre principale conclusion n’est sûrement pas surprenante : les conseils scolaires catholiques de l’Ontario ne répondent généralement pas à la Loi Toby (adoptée en 2012) sur le plan de leurs politiques, puisque peu de conseils ont décidé d’ajouter ces fondements de façon à permettre que l’esprit de cette loi soit respecté. Bien que cette constatation ne soit pas vraiment surprenante, notre étude a également obtenu des résultats qui remettent en question la notion du binarisme rudimentaire « conseils catholiques, mauvais » et « conseils publics laïcs, bons » en ce qui a trait à la diversité des genres. Nos résultats permettent également d’entrevoir la possibilité prometteuse d’une adoption enthousiaste et doctrinalement compatible à la protection de l’expression de genre dans les écoles catholiques, voire à la protection de l’identité de genre. Nous soutenons que la réticence entourant la protection de l’expression du genre a peut-être pour fondement la confusion des termes « expression de genre » et « identité de genre », alors qu’il s’agit en fait de fondements distincts. Cette convergence est également endémique dans les politiques des conseils scolaires laïcs de l’Ontario, ce qui entraîne en même temps la convergence des termes « expression de genre » et « transgenre », ce dernier étant indéfectiblement lié aux droits de la personne portant sur l’identité de genre. Nous avons rédigé une série de recommandations en matière de politiques, et nous plaidons pour que les écoles catholiques s’acquittent de leur obligation légale de fournir un environnement d’apprentissage exempt de discrimination fondée sur l’expression de genre, sans conflit doctrinal et avec un large soutien doctrinal, afin que les élèves de toutes les expressions de genre puissent s’épanouir, que cette personne soit transgenre ou non.
Statistiques
Références
Accepting Schools Act (An Act to amend the Education Act with respect to bullying and other matters), SO 2012, c 5 (2012).
Airton, L., Kirkup, K., McMillan, A., & DesRochers, J. (2019). What is “gender expression”? How a new and nebulous human rights construct s taking shape in Ontario school board policy documents. Canadian Journal of Education. 42(4), 1154–1182.
Allan, E. J. (2008). Policy discourses, gender, and education: Constructing women’s status. Routledge.
Algonquin and Lakeshore Catholic District School Board. (2017). Equity and inclusive education policy statement. http://www.alcdsb.on.ca/Board/Policies/Pages/default.aspx#/
Becker, H. S. (1970). Field work evidence. In Sociological work: Method and substance (pp. 39–62). Transaction Books.
Bialystok, L. (2014). Respect without recognition: A critique of the OCSTA’s “Respecting Difference” policy. Paideusis, 22(1), 8–18.
Brant Haldimand Norfolk Catholic District School Board. (2016). Student behaviour, discipline and safety. http://www.bhncdsb.ca/sites/content/files/resources/200.09%20Student%20Behaviour%20Discipline%20and%20Safety%20Policy%20AP.pdf
Bruce-Grey Catholic District School Board. (2015). Pastoral care for transgender students. https://www.bgcdsb.org/apps/pages/index.jsp?uREC_ID=1101059&type=d&pREC_ID=1373839
Bruce-Grey Catholic District School Board. (2018). Administrative procedures AP6-43: Keeping our kids safe at school. https://www.bgcdsb.org/apps/pages/index.jsp?uREC_ID=1101059&type=d&pREC_ID=1373839
Callaghan, T. (2007). Contra/diction: How Catholic doublespeak in Canadian Catholic secondary schools furthers homophobia. Canadian Online Journal of Queer Studies in Education, 3(1).
Callaghan, T. (2014). Law and disorder: Ontario Catholic bishops’ opposition to gay straight alliances. Paideusis, 22(1), 28–37.
Callaghan, T. (2016). Young, queer, and Catholic: Youth resistance to homophobia in Catholic schools. Journal of LGBT Youth, 13(3), 270–287.
Callaghan, T. (2018). Homophobia in the hallways: Heterosexism and transphobia in Canadian Catholic schools. University of Toronto Press.
Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, s. 7, Part I of the Constitution Act, 1982, being Schedule B to the Canada Act 1982 (UK), 1982, c11.
Case, K., & Meier, C. (2014). Developing allies to transgender and gender-nonconforming youth: Training for counselors and educators. Journal of LGBT Youth, 11, 62–82.
Catholic District School Board of Eastern Ontario. (2015). A collaborative response for children and families in crisis. https://www.cdsbeo.on.ca/our-board/policies-procedures/
Cochrane, D. (2014). Editorial introduction to a special themed issue: Sexual and gender diversity in schools. Paideusis, 22(1), 3–8.
Colwell, R., & Wright-Malley, C. (2020). Nothing to fear: Teaching to transcend transphobia in Catholic contexts. In S. W. Woolley & L. Airton (Eds.), Teaching about gender diversity: Teacher-tested lesson plans for K-12 classrooms (pp. 101–109). Canadian Scholars Press.
Constitution Act, 1867 (UK), 30 & 31 Victoria, c 3.
Cossman, B. (2007). Sexual citizens: The legal and cultural regulation of sex and belonging. Stanford University Press.
Covell, K. (2007). Children’s rights education: Canada’s best kept secret. In R. B. Howe & K. Covell (Eds.), A question of commitment: Children’s rights in Canada (pp. 241–264). Wilfred Laurier University Press.
Cumming-Potvin, W., & Martino, W. (2014). Teaching about queer families: Surveillance, censorship, and the schooling of sexualities. Teaching Education, 25(3), 309-333.
Durham District School Board. (2017). Equity and diversity strategic framework. https://www.ddsb.ca/en/about-ddsb/policies-and-procedures.aspx
Ewick, P., & Silbey, S. S. (1992). Conformity, contestation and resistance: An account of legal consciousness. New England Law Review, 26, 731–749.
Fairclough, N. (2003). Analysing discourse: Textual analysis for social research. Routledge.
Gee, J. P. (2014). An introduction to discourse analysis: Theory and method (4th ed.). Routledge.
Hall (Litigation guardian of) v. Powers, 2002 CanLII 49475 (ON SC) at paras 44–45.
Herriot, L. (2014). Rearticulating youth subjectivity through gay-straight alliances (GSAs). Paideusis, 38(2), 22–47.
Herriot, L., & Callaghan, T. D. (2018). Disrupting the trans-versus-Catholic dichotomy: An example from a Canadian elementary school policy. International Journal of Transgenderism, 19(2), 170–183.
Herriot, L., & Callaghan, T. (2019). Possibilities for trans affirming policy potential: A case study from a Canadian Catholic school. Journal of Catholic Education, 22(3), 58–84.
Houston, A. (2011, October 5). Confronting Ontario’s Catholic schools: Is a constitutional amendment or legal challenge possible? Xtra. https://xtramagazine.com/power/confronting-ontarios-catholic-schools-6111
Howes, H. (2014). Mother, father, brother, sister, husband, and wife. In C. F. Hinze & J. P. Hornbeck II (Eds.), More than a monologue: Sexual diversity and the Catholic Church (pp. 43–50). Fordham University Press.
Iskander, L., & Shabtay, A. (2018). Who runs the schools? LGBTQ youth activism and Ontario’s Bill 13. Journal of LGBT Youth, 15(4), 339–352.
Kenora Catholic District School Board. (2019). Safe schools: Student discipline. https://www.kcdsb.on.ca/our_board/procedures
Khan, U. (2014). Vicarious kinks: S/M in the socio-legal imaginary. University of Toronto Press.
Kirkup, K. (2018). The origins of gender identity and gender expression in Anglo-American human rights law. University of Toronto Law Journal, 68(1), 80–117.
Kirkup K., Airton, L., McMillan, A., & DesRochers, J. (2020). The aftermath of human rights protections: Gender identity, gender expression, and the socio-legal regulation of school boards. Canadian Journal of Law & Society. (Advanced online publication).
Klemmer, C. L., Rusow, J., Goldbach, J., Kattari, S. K., & Rice, E. (2019). Socially assigned gender nonconformity and school violence experience among transgender and cisgender adolescents. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(15–16), NP8567–NP8589.
Laucius, J. (2016, September 20). Gender-neutral school washrooms in Ottawa are part of change sweeping Canada. Ottawa Citizen. https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/gender-neutral-school-washrooms-in-ottawa-are-part-of-change-sweeping-canada
Lunny, A. M. (2017). Debating hate crime: Language, legislatures, and the law in Canada. UBC Press.
Mann, R. (2014). “Queering” spiritual direction: towards a trans*-literary praxis. Theology & Sexuality, 20(3), 214–224. https://doi.org/10.1179/1355835815Z.00000000051
Martino, W. (2014). “Love the sinner, hate the sin”: The clash of religious and sexual minority rights in Ontario Catholic schools. In G. Walton (Ed.), The gay agenda: Creating space, identity, and justice (pp. 207–222). Peter Lang.
Martino, W., Airton, L., Cumming-Potvin, W., & Kuhl, D. (2018). Mapping transgender policyscapes: A policy analysis of transgender inclusivity and gender diversity in the education system in Ontario. Journal of Education Policy, 34(3), 302–330.
Meyer, E. J., & Leonardi, B. (2018). Teachers’ professional learning to affirm transgender, non-binary, and gender-creative youth: Experiences and recommendations from the field. Sex Education, 18(4), 449–463.
Mollenkott, V. R. (2007). Omnigender: A trans-religious approach. Pilgrim Press.
Neary, A. (2019). Complicating constructions: middle-class parents of transgender and gender-diverse children. Journal of Family Studies, 27(4), 506–522. https://doi.org/10.1080/13229400.2019.1650799
Niblett, B., & Oraa, C. (2014). The gay agenda in Ontario Catholic schools: Gay-straight alliances as activist education. Counterpoints, 437, 53–69.
Ontario Human Rights Commission. (2014). Policy on preventing discrimination on the basis of gender identity and gender expression. https://www.ohrc.on.ca/en/policy-preventing-discrimination-because-gender-identity-and-gender-expression
Ontario Catholic School Trustees’ Association. (2012). “Respecting difference” - A resource for Catholic schools in the province of
Ontario regarding the establishment and running of activities or organizations promoting equity and respect for all students.
Ontario Conference of Catholic Bishops. (2004). Pastoral guidelines to assist students of same sex orientation. http://www.catholicteachers.ca/
Payne, E. C., & Smith, M. J. (2012). Safety, celebration, and risk: Educator responses to LGBTQ professional development. Teaching Education, 23(3), 265–285.
Payne, E. C., & Smith, M. J. (2014). The big freak out: Educator fear in response to the presence of transgender elementary school students. Journal of Homosexuality, 61(3), 399–418.
Peter, T., Taylor, C., & Short, D. (2018). Religious belief and the queer classroom: Measuring the impact of religious affiliation on LGBTQ-inclusive education practices. Canadian Journal of Educational Administration and Policy, 185, 19–31.
Pickel, J., & Wark, M. (2020, May 26). Pride month brings conflict among Waterloo Region Catholic District School Board trustees. CTV News. https://kitchener.ctvnews.ca/pride-month-brings-conflict-among-waterloo-region-catholic-district-school-board-trustees-1.4956153
Renold, E. (2005). Girls, boys and junior sexualities: Exploring children’s gender and sexual relations in the primary school. Routledge.
Riggs, D. W., & Bartholomaeus, C. (2018). Gaslighting in the context of clinical interactions with parents of transgender children. Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 33(4), 382–394.
Saldaña, J. (2015). The coding manual for qualitative researchers. SAGE.
Sibley, S. S. (2005). After legal consciousness. Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 1, 323–368.
Silver, C., & Lewins, A. (2014). Using software in qualitative research. SAGE.
Simcoe County District School Board. (2018). Administrative procedures memorandum A7630: Code of conduct. https://www.scdsb.on.ca/about/policies_and_procedures
Skelton, C., Carrington, B., Francis, B., Hutchings, M., Read, B., & Hall, I. (2009). Gender “matters” in the primary classroom: Pupils’ and teachers’ perspectives. British Educational Research Journal, 35(2), 187–204.
Smitherman v. Powers and the Durham Catholic District School Board, 2002 OTC 377 (SC). [Court File No. 12-CV-227705CM3].
Spade, D. (2015). Normal life: Administrative violence, critical trans politics, and the limits of law. Duke University Press.
Taylor, C., Peter, T., McMinn, T. L., Elliott, T., Beldom, S., Ferry, A., Gross, Z., Paquin, S., & Schachter, K. (2011). Every class in every school: The first national climate survey on homophobia, biphobia, and transphobia in Canadian schools. Final report. Egale Canada Human Rights Trust. https://winnspace.uwinnipeg.ca/handle/10680/1265
Thorne, B. (1993). Gender play: Girls and boys in school. Open University Press.
Toby’s Act (Right to Be Free from Discrimination and Harassment Because of Gender Identity or Gender Expression), SO 2012, c 7 (2012).
Thompson, N. (2019, November 8). Toronto Catholic District School Board adds language on gender identity to code of conduct. Global News. https://globalnews.ca/news/6146825/gender-identity-tcdsb-code-of-conduct/
Toronto District School Board. (2013). TDSB guidelines for the accommodation of transgender and gender non-conforming students and staff. https://www.tdsb.on.ca/About-Us/Policies-Procedures-Forms
Valverde, M. (2006). Law and order: Images, meanings, myths. Routledge.
Valverde, M. (2012). Everyday law on the street: City governance in the age of diversity. University of Chicago Press.
Willig, C. (2014). Discourses and discourse analysis. In U. Flick (Ed.), The SAGE handbook of qualitative data analysis (pp. 341–353). SAGE.
Xing, L. (2019a, October 31). Toronto’s Catholic school board should comply with human rights code, education minister says. CBC News. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/stephen-lecce-catholic-board-human-rights-1.5343532
Xing, L. (2019b, October 13). A mother is urging Toronto’s Catholic board to amend its code of conduct to protect her family. CBC News. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/human-rights-commission-catholic-school-board-gender-identity-1.5318832
Téléchargements
Publié-e
Comment citer
Numéro
Rubrique
Licence
© Société canadienne pour l'étude de l'éducation 2022
Cette œuvre est sous licence Creative Commons Attribution - Pas d'Utilisation Commerciale - Pas de Modification 4.0 International.
La Revue canadienne de l’éducation utilise la licence CC BY-NC-ND de Creative Commons. Pour la permission de reproduire la totalité ou une partie d’un article, veuillez communiquer avec la directrice de la publication.
