A Course or a Pathway? Addressing French as a Second Language Teacher Recruitment and Retention in Canadian BEd Programs

Authors

  • Cameron W. Smith University of Ottawa https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0781-2725
  • Mimi Masson University of Ottawa
  • Valia Spiliotopoulos University of British Columbia
  • Paula Kristmanson University of New Brunswick

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.53967/cje-rce.5515

Keywords:

French as a Second Language, Admission, Teacher Education, Language Proficiency

Abstract

Institutions strive to offer programs that address both the needs of the educational system and incorporate current pedagogical research. Creating a program that is relevant, inspiring, and accessible to aspiring French as a Second Language (FSL) teachers, while also equipping them with the skills and knowledge deemed necessary by the education system, is a delicate balancing act. This study reviewed 44 FSL teacher education programs that lead to professional certification across Canada. Environmental scans drew information from the program websites related to admission requirements, program structure and content, practicum, and graduation criteria. Follow-up interviews with program stakeholders were conducted to verify or clarify the data. The results highlight the inconsistencies that exist among programs for developing FSL educators. We position the ways in which Canadian faculties of education might provide a more holistic “pathway” approach to recruiting, preparing, and retaining emerging FSL teachers.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

Author Biographies

Cameron W. Smith, University of Ottawa

Cameron W. Smith is a doctoral candidate in Education (Societies, Cultures and Languages) at the University of Ottawa. He holds a Master's degree in Education Research from the University of Calgary and received his BEd and BA degrees from Brock University. With a background in teaching French as a Second Language, Cam's main interests are in teacher education, teaching French as a second language, and educational technologies. Cam's SSHRC-funded doctoral research explores the use of educational technology by FSL teachers, and the development of a community of practice to help these teachers improve their practice.

Mimi Masson, University of Ottawa

Mimi Masson is an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Education, Université de Sherbrooke, where she teaches additional language education and pedagogy. Her research and teaching practice draws on arts-based methodologies to explore teacher identity and professional learning in such areas as antiracist, equitable and inclusive education. She began working with the pan-Canadian CASLT FSL Consortium as a member of the Faculty of Education at the University of Ottawa, and has been working on questions relating to the equitable solutions for FSL teacher retention since 2018.

Valia Spiliotopoulos, University of British Columbia

Valia Spiliotopoulos is an Assistant Professor at the University of Ottawa where she conducts research and teaches in the areas of university immersion/content-based language education, bi/multilingualism, and second language teaching (English and French).  Previous to this role, Valia was the former Coordinator of the French specialization of the Bachelor of Education program at the University of British Columbia. Since 2005, she has also held faculty and leadership roles in teacher education and faculty development, where she focused on innovations in language education, curriculum design, assessment, and technology-based education in the western Canadian post-secondary context.

Paula Kristmanson, University of New Brunswick

Paula Kristmanson is a Professor in the Faculty of Education at the University of New Brunswick (UNB) and the current Director of the Second Language Research Institute of Canada. Her research and teaching interests are set in the context of both French second language and English as an additional language education. She is a member of the pan-Canadian FSL Teacher Education Consortium and been deeply engaged in projects related to initial teacher preparation since she becoming a faculty member at UNB in 2006.

References

Ackley, B. C., Fallon, M. A., & Brouwer, N. (2007). Intake assessments for alternative teacher education: Moving from legitimation towards predictive validity. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 32(6), 657–665.

Arnott, S., & Vignola, M. J. (2018). The Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) in French Immersion teacher education: A focus on the language portfolio. Journal of Immersion and Content-Based Language Education (Special Issue), 6(2), 321–345.

Association of Canadian Deans of Education. (n.d.). ACDE members. https://csse-scee.ca/acde/members/

Bayliss, D. K., & Vignola, M. J. (2000). Assessing language proficiency of FSL candidates: What makes a successful candidate? The Canadian Modern Language Review, 57(2), 217–244. https://doi.org/10.3138/cmlr.57.2.217

Bayliss, D. K., & Vignola, M. J. (2007). Training non-native second language teachers: The case of anglophone FSL teacher candidates. The Canadian Modern Language Review, 63, 371–398.

Borg, S. (2006). The distinctive characteristics of foreign language teachers. Language Teaching Research, 10(1), 3–31.

Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa

Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2020). One size fits all? What counts as quality practice in (reflexive) thematic analysis? Qualitative Research in Psychology, 18(3) 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/14780887.2020.1769238

Byrd-Clark, J., Mady, C., & Vanthuyne, A. (2014). Exploring reflexivity and multilingualism in three French language teacher education programs. The Canadian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 17(1), 129–155.

Cammarata, L., & Cavanagh, M. (2018). In search of immersion teacher educators’ knowledge base: Exploring their readiness to foster an integrated approach to teaching. Journal of Immersion and Content-Based Language Education, 6(2), 189–217.

Cammarata, L., Cavanagh, M., Blain, S., & Sabatier, C. (2018). Enseigner en immersion française au Canada: synthèse des connaissances sur les défis et leurs implications pour la formation des enseignants. The Canadian Modern Language Review, 74(1), 101–127.

Casey, C., & Childs, R. (2011). Teacher education admission criteria as measure of preparedness for teaching. Canadian Journal of Education, 34(2), 3–20.

Christiansen, H., & Laplante, B. (2004). Second language pre-service teachers as learners: The language portfolio project. Canadian Modern Language Review, 60(4), 439–455. https://doi.org/10.3138/cmlr.60.4.439

Cochran-Smith, M., & Lytle, S. (2009). Inquiry as stance: Practitioner research for the next generation. Teachers College Press.

Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. SAGE.

Darling-Hammond, L. (2006). Constructing a 21st century teacher education. Journal of Teacher Education, 57(3), 300–314.

Dewaele, J. M. (2007). Predicting language learners’ grades in the L1, L2, L3 and L4: The effect of some psychological and sociocognitive variables. International Journal of Multilingualism, 4, 169–197. https://doi.org/10.2167/ijm080.0

Early, M., Dagenais, D., & Carr, W. (2017). Second language education in Canada. In N. Van Deusen-Scholl & S. May (Eds.), Second and foreign language education (pp. 313–326). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02246-8_27

Ewart, G. (2009). Retention of new teachers in minority French and French immersion programs in Manitoba. Canadian Journal of Education, 32(3), 473–507.

Faez, F. (2011). Developing the knowledge base of ESL and FSL teachers for K-12 programs in Canada. Canadian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 14(1), 29–49.

Fullan, M., & Hargreaves, A. (2016). Bringing the profession back in: Call to action. Learning Forward. https://learningforward.org/report/professional-learning-canada/

Gambhir, M., Broad, K., Evans, M., & Gaskell, J. (2008). Characterizing initial teacher education in Canada: Themes and issues. International Alliance of Leading Education Institutes.

Goulah, J., & Soltero, S. W. (2015). Reshaping the mainstream education climate through bilingual-bicultural education. Advances in Research on Teaching, 24, 177–203.

Holden, M., & Kitchen, J. (2016). Evolving practices: Admissions policies in Ontario teacher education programs. Canadian Journal of Education, 39(4), 1–28.

Holden, M., & Kitchen, J. (2019). Access and equity in Ontario teacher education: Teacher candidates’ perceptions. Alberta Journal of Educational Research, 65(1), 1–21.

Huhn, C., Bell, T., & Chambless, K. (2021). Issues in world language teacher preparation: ACTFL/CAEP standards and oral proficiency. Foreign Language Annals, 54(4), 255–271. https://doi.org/10.1111/flan.12507

Jack, D., & Nyman, J. (2019). Meeting labour market needs for French as a second language instruction in Ontario. American Journal of Educational Research, 7(7), 428–438. https://doi.org/10.12691/education-7-7-1

Jacquet, M., & Dagenais, D. (2010). Perspective croisée sur la collaboration professionnelle des enseignants dans trois contextes scolaires en Colombie-Britannique. McGill Journal of Education, 45(3), 511–534.

Johnson, K. E. (2015). Reclaiming the relevance of L2 teacher education. Modern Language Journal, 99(3), 515–528. https://doi.org/10.1111/modl.12242

Le Bouthillier, J., Culligan, K., & Kristmanson, P. (2022, April 21–26). Pre-service teachers of French as a second language and the construction of a professional identity [Paper presentation]. American Educational Research Association, San Diego, California and Virtual. https://aera22-aera.ipostersessions.com/?s=DA-47-EF-F3-1F-56-64-5E-C6-EF-97-AD-34-87-E6-01

Kastelan-Sikora, K. (2013). Mentoring beginning second language teachers: Perceptions of challenges and expectations of support [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Alberta.

Knouzi, I., & Mady, C. (2014). Voices of resilience from the bottom rungs: The stories of three elementary Core French teachers in Ontario. Alberta Journal of Educational Research, 60(1), 62–80.

Kristmanson, P. L., Lafargue, C., & Culligan, K. (2011). From action to insight: A professional learning community’s experiences with the European Language Portfolio. Canadian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 14(2), 53–67.

Kumashiro, K. K. (2010). Seeing the bigger picture: Troubling movements to end teacher education. Journal of Teacher Education, 61(1-2), 56–65.

Masson, M. (2018). Reframing FSL teacher learning: Small stories of (re)professionalization and identity formation. Journal of Belonging, Identity, Language, and Diversity, 2(2), 77–102.

Masson, M., Battistuzzi, A., & Bastien, M.-P. (2021). Preparing for L2 and FSL teaching: A literature review on essential components of effective teacher education for language teachers. Canadian Association of Second Language Teachers.

Masson, M., Larson, E. J., Desgroseilliers, P., Carr, W., & Lapkin, S. (2019). Accessing opportunity: A study on challenges in French-as-a-second-language education teacher supply and demand in Canada. Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages. https://www.clo-ocol.gc.ca/en/publications/studies/2019/accessing-opportunity-fsl

Masson, M., Spiliotopoulos, V., Smith, C., Michaud, L., & Kristmanson, P. (2021). Website scan report: FSL Consortium Project. Canadian Association of Second Language Teachers.

Merriam, S. B. (2009). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. Jossey-Bass.

Merriam, S. B., & Tisdell, E. J. (2015). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation (4th ed.). Jossey-Bass.

Mertens, D. M. (2020). Research and evaluation in education and psychology: Integrating diversity with quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods (5th ed.). SAGE.

Muhling, S. (2016). Teaching to learn and reciprocal learning among associate teachers in French as a second language teaching environments: A multiple case study [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Toronto.

Nagi, R., Rogers Van Katwyk, S., & Hoffman, S. J. (2020). Using a rapid environmental scan methodology to map country-level global health research expertise in Canada. Health Research Policy and Systems, 18(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-020-0543-x

Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages. (2019). Accessing opportunity:

A study on challenges in French-as-a-second-language education teacher supply and demand in Canada. https://www.clo-ocol.gc.ca/en/publications/studies/2019/accessing-opportunity-fsl

Salvatori, M. (2009). A Canadian perspective on language teacher education: Challenges and opportunities. The Modern Language Journal, 93(2), 287–291.

Salvatori, M., & MacFarlane, A. (2009). Profile and pathways-supports for developing FSL teachers’ pedagogical, linguistic, and cultural competencies. Canadian Association of Second Language Teachers.

Saldaña, J. (2021). The coding manual for qualitative researchers (4th ed.). SAGE.

Simon Fraser University. (n. d.). DELF-DALF exams - for employers. https://www.sfu.ca/baff-offa/en/DELF-DALF/For_employers.html

Smolcic, E., & Katunich, J. (2017). Teachers crossing borders: A review of the research into cultural immersion field experience for teachers. Teaching and Teacher Education, 62, 47–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2016.11.002

Smith, C. W., & Arnott, S. (2021). “French teachers can figure it out”: Understanding French as a Second Language (FSL) teachers’ work in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Canadian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 25(1), 88–109.

Smith, C. W., & Peller, P. (2020). “You can’t get there from here”: Mapping access to Canada’s teacher education programs. In D. Gereluk & M. Corbett (Eds.), Rural education in Canada: Connecting land and people (pp. 75–98). Springer Nature Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2560-5

Swanson, P. (2012). Second/foreign language teacher efficacy and its relationship to professional attrition. Canadian Modern Language Review, 68(1), 78–101.

Turnbull, M. (2011). The Canadian language portfolio for teachers. Canadian Association of Second Language Teachers.

Ullman, R., & Hainsworth, H. (1991). Towards the development of FSL teacher competencies: Some thoughts on future teacher education programs. Canadian Modern Language Review, 47, 486–496.

Wernicke, M. (2017). Navigating native-speaker ideologies as FSL teacher. Canadian Modern Language Review, 73(2), 1–29.

Wernicke, M. (2019). Toward linguistically and culturally responsive teaching in the French as a second language classroom. TESL Canada Journal, 36(1), 134–146.

Wernicke, M. (2021). Four ‘moments’ of intercultural encountering. Teaching in Higher Education, 26(7–8), 1130–1140. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2021.1911988

Wernicke, M. (in press). « M’améliorer, c’est pour le reste de ma vie »: L’importance d’une culture professionnelle dans la formation à l’enseignement du français. In R. Léger & G. Brisson (Eds.), La francophonie de la Colombie-Britannique: Éducation, diversité et identités. Les Presses de l’Université Laval.

Wernicke, M., Masson, M., Arnott, S., Le Bouthillier, J., & Kristmanson, P. (forthcoming). La pénurie d’enseignantes et d’enseignants de français langue seconde au Canada : divergence entre les politiques scolaires et la réalité vécue. Éducation et francophonie.

Downloads

Published

2023-06-27

How to Cite

Smith, C. W., Masson, M.-E., Spiliotopoulos, V., & Kristmanson, P. (2023). A Course or a Pathway? Addressing French as a Second Language Teacher Recruitment and Retention in Canadian BEd Programs. Canadian Journal of Education Revue Canadienne De l’éducation, 46(2), 412–440. https://doi.org/10.53967/cje-rce.5515

Similar Articles

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 > >> 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.