TY - JOUR AU - Perla, Rocco J. AU - Carifio, James M. PY - 2011/07/25 Y2 - 2024/03/28 TI - Theory Creation, Modification, and Testing: An Information Processing Model and Theory of the Anticipated and Unanticipated Consequences of Research and Development JF - Journal of MultiDisciplinary Evaluation JA - J Multidiscip Eval VL - 7 IS - 16 SE - Research Articles DO - 10.56645/jmde.v7i16.320 UR - https://journals.sfu.ca/jmde/index.php/jmde_1/article/view/320 SP - 84-110 AB - <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:DoNotShowRevisions/> <w:DoNotPrintRevisions/> <w:DoNotShowMarkup/> <w:DoNotShowComments/> <w:DoNotShowInsertionsAndDeletions/> <w:DoNotShowPropertyChanges/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> 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QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";} </style> <![endif]--> </p><p style="text-align: justify" class="MsoNormal"><strong>Background:</strong> Extending Merton&rsquo;s (1936) work on the consequences of purposive social action, the model, theory and taxonomy outlined here incorporates and formalizes both anticipated and unanticipated research findings in a unified theoretical framework. The model of<em> anticipated </em>research findings was developed initially by Carifio (1975, 1977) and was followed by the addition of the <em>unanticipated </em>findings component by Perla (2006). This is the first formal model, theory and synthesis of anticipated and unanticipated research findings developed to date. The wide-ranging consequences and implications of the model are discussed.</p> <p style="text-align: justify" class="MsoNormal"><strong>Purpose:<span>&nbsp; </span></strong>To the extent that educational researchers, philosophers and scholars reduce unanticipated findings <em>solely</em> to chance, whimsy, or inspiration they declare these occurrences impossible to effectively predict, model or understand.<span>&nbsp; </span>This article provides a way to conceptualize and formally model anticipated and unanticipated research findings.<span>&nbsp; </span>Many concrete examples from the history of science and research and evaluation methodology are provided to illustrate the model as well as various details of an application of the model in developing instructional materials.<span style="color: red"> </span></p> <p style="text-align: justify" class="MsoNormal"><strong>Setting:</strong> Nature of science instructional materials development effort.</p> <p style="text-align: justify" class="MsoNormal"><strong>Intervention:</strong> Not applicable.</p> <p style="text-align: justify" class="MsoNormal"><strong>Research Design:</strong> Theory and model development using quantitative and qualitative methods including literature review and original model evaluations.</p> <p style="text-align: justify" class="MsoNormal"><strong>Data Collection and Analysis:</strong> Content analysis and modified Q-sorts of research related documents, journals, logs, literature and emails as well as various theory construction and modification techniques.</p> <p style="line-height: 200%" class="MsoNormal"><strong>Findings:</strong> This article demonstrates that a formal model and theory of anticipated and unanticipated research findings can be developed and that such models should inform a broad range of research and evaluation efforts that are conducted daily worldwide.<span>&nbsp; </span>Nine key research and evaluation principles were derived to supplement the formal model and its operations that should be helpful to novice as well as experienced researchers regardless of the research methodology or strategies they are employing.</p><p style="line-height: 200%" class="MsoNormal"><strong><em>Keywords:</em></strong><em> theory construction; discovery; research methodology; information processing; program evaluation; serendipity; nature of science; instructional materials</em></p> <p style="line-height: 200%" class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p> ER -