The political challenges of community-level PVE practices: The Danish case of Copenhagen vs. Aarhus on dialoguing with extremist milieus

Authors

  • Teemu Tammikko The Finnish Institute of International Affairs

Keywords:

Preventing Violent Extremism, dialogue, Denmark, local politics

Abstract

In 2015 and 2016 two interesting cases occurred in Denmark regarding practices related to Preventing Violent Extremism (PVE): a community-level dialogue was discontinued with an extremist milieu in Copenhagen due to the specific worldview but allowed to continue in a similar situation in Aarhus. What were the reasons for this divergence? When examining the community-level political argumentation, an exclusion paradigm played a crucial role, but other factors, such as confusion about the core concepts and goals of PVE, the political dynamics at play, and the prevailing decision-making structures also influenced the differential outcomes despite the similarity of the situations. Since community-level PVE practices constitute a rapidly growing field, there is a lesson to be learned from the Danish cases: building coherent and continuous PVE practices is not only a matter for professional practitioners, but also calls for a solid understanding of its goals at the political level. 

References

Bjørnager, J. (2015a) ’Her er knasterne mellem København og trossamfund: X Factor, stening og dødsstraf til homoseksuelle’, Berlingske, 3 November 3 2015, available at http://www.b.dk/nationalt/her-er-knasterne-mellem-koebenhavn-og-trossamfund-x-factor-stening-og-doedsstraf-, accessed 23 March 2017.

Bjørnager, J. (2015b) ’V-politiker afviste møder med trossamfund før ultimatum’, Politiko, 6 November 2015, available at http://www.b.dk/politiko/v-politiker-afviste-moeder-med-trossamfund-foer-ultimatum, accessed 23 March 2017.

Briggs, R. (2010) ‘Community engagement for counterterrorism: Lessons from the United Kingdom’, International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-), (86:4), pp. 971-981.

Coolsaet, R. (ed.) (2012) Jihadi Terrorism and the Radicalization Challenge: European and American Experiences, London: Routledge.

Crelinstein, R. (2009) Counterterrorism, Cambridge: Polity Press.

Crone, M. and Nasser, K. (2018) Preventing Violent Extremism in Lebanon: Experience from a Danish-Lebanese Partnership, IEMed Papers 38, EuroMeSCo series, European Institute of the Mediterranean, 2018.

Dahlgaard, M. and Jensen, H. (2015) ’København vil droppe samarbejde med Islamisk Trossamfund’, Berlingske, 2 November 2015, available at http://www.b.dk/nationalt/koebenhavn-vil-droppe-samarbejde-med-islamisk-trossamfund, accessed 23 March 2017.

de Graaf, B. (2011) Evaluating counterterrorism performance : a comparative study, London: Routledge.

Haislund, J. and Hvid, J. (2016) ’Aarhus-borgmester vil bekæmpe islamisme med 10-punkts-plan’ Jyllands-Posten, 8 March 2016, available at http://jyllands-posten.dk/aarhus/politik/ECE8495907/aarhusborgmester-vil-bekaempe-islamisme-med-10punktsplan/, accessed 23 March 2017.

Heath-Kelly, C. (2012) ‘Reinventing prevention or exposing the gap? False positives in UK terrorism governance and the quest for pre-emption’, Critical Studies on Terrorism, 5, pp. 67-85.

Hemmingsen, A. (2015) An Introduction to The Danish Approach to Countering and Preventing Extremism and Radicalization, DIIS Report 2015:15, available at http://pure.diis.dk/ws/files/470275/DIIS_Report_2015_15_2_ed..pdf, accessed 9 September 2018.

Holm, U. (2006) The Danish Ugly Duckling and the Mohammed Cartoons, DIIS Policy Brief, available at http://pure.diis.dk/ws/files/52652/uho_muhammed1.pdf, accessed 7 September 2018.

Jørgensen, J. (2015) ’Aarhus-borgmester: Man fjerner ikke problemet ved at lukke Grimhøj-moské’, Politiken, 7 January 2015, available at http://politiken.dk/indland/art5559395/Aarhus-borgmester-Man-fjerner-ikke-problemet-ved-at-lukke-Grimh%C3%B8j-mosk%C3%A9,accessed 23 March 2017.

Koskela, H. (2009) Pelkokierre, Helsinki: Gaudeamus.

Kundnani, A. (2009) Spooked! How Not to Prevent Violent Extremism, London: Institute of Race Relations.

Lakhani, S. (2012) ‘Preventing violent extremism: Perceptions of Policy from Grassroots and communities’, The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice Banner, (51:2), pp. 190-206.

Lauritzen, K. (2015) ’Sådan samarbejder Københavns Kommune med Islamisk Trossamfund’, Berlingske, 3 November 2015, available at http://www.b.dk/nationalt/saadan-samarbejder-koebenhavns-kommune-med-islamisk-trossamfund, accessed March 23, 2017

Lindekilde, L. (2015) ’Dansk forebyggelse af ekstremisme og radikalisering 2009-2014:

udviklingstendenser of fremtidige udfordringer’, Politica, (47:3), pp. 424-444.

Lowndes, V. and Thorp, L. (2012) ’’Preventing Violent Extremism´ - Why local context matters’ in Eatwell, R. and Goodwin, M. (eds.) The New Extremism in 21st Century Britain, London: Routledge.

Malkki, L. (2016) ‘International Pressure to Perform: Counterterrorism Policy Development in Finland’, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, (39:4), pp. 342-362.

Mather, S. (2016) ’Efter kontroversielle udtalelser: Aarhus freder moske’, Berlingske, 29 February 2016, available at http://www.b.dk/nationalt/efter-kontroversielle-udtalelser-aarhus-freder-moske, accessed 23 March 2017.

Melander, R. (2015) ’København dropper samarbejdet med Islamisk Trossamfund’, Jyllands-Posten, 12 November 2015, available at http://jyllands-posten.dk/indland/ECE8208400/koebenhavn-dropper-samarbejdet-med-islamisk-trossamfund/, accessed 23 March 23, 2017.

Mythen, G. and Walklate, S. (2017) ‘Justice, but not as ‘we’ know it’, in Jacobs, J. and Jackson, J. (eds.) The Routledge Handbook of Criminal Justice Ethics, Abingdon: Routledge.

Neumann, P. (2013) ‘The trouble with radicalization’, International Affairs (London), (89:4), pp. 873-893.

Ranstorp, M. (2009) Understanding violent radicalisation: Terrorist and jihadist movements in Europe, London: Routledge.

Rask Mikkelsen, M. (2014) ’DF: Aarhus skal stoppe samarbejdet med byens moské’, Berlingske Nyhedsbureau, 20 April 2014, available at http://www.b.dk/politiko/df-aarhus-skal-stoppe-samarbejdet-med-byens-moske, accessed 23 March 2017.

Regeringen (2014) Forebyggelse af ekstremisme og radikalisering: Regeringens handlingsplan, Copenhagen: Statsministeriet, available at http://www.stm.dk/multimedia/Forebyggelse_af_radikalisering_og_ekstremisme_-_Regeringens_handlingsplan.pdf, accessed 6 September 2018.

Regeringen (2016) Forebyggelse og bekæmpelse af ekstremisme og radikalisering: National handlingsplan, Copenhagen: Justits Ministeriet, available at http://www.justitsministeriet.dk/sites/default/files/media/Pressemeddelelser/pdf/2016/National-handlingsplan-Forebyggelse-og-bekaempelse-af-ekstremisme-og-radikalisering.pdf, accessed 6 September 2018.

Ritzau (News Agency) (2016) ’Aarhus Byråd kulegraver eventuelle tilskud til moské’ Berlingske, 29 February 2016, available at http://www.b.dk/nationalt/aarhus-byraad-kulegraver-eventuelle-tilskud-til-moske, accessed 23 March 2017.

Skjoldager, M. and Sheikh, J. (2014) ’Samarbejde mellem omstridt moske og politiet bremser Syriensfarere’, Politiken, 11 June 2014, available at http://politiken.dk/indland/art5520181/Samarbejde-mellem-omstridt-moske-og-politiet-bremser-Syriensfarere, accessed 23 March 2017.

Schmid, A. and de Graaf, J. (1982) Violence as Communication: insurgent terrorism and the Western news media, University of Michigan: Sage.

Sheikh, J. (2014) ’Politi advarer mod kontroversiel moske i Aarhus’, Politiken, 9 March 2014, available at http://politiken.dk/indland/art5505708/Politi-advarer-mod-kontroversiel-moske-i-Aarhus, accessed 23 March 2017.

Sheikh, J. (2015) ’Aarhus: Skamrost model har huller’, Politiken, 18 October 2015, available at http://politiken.dk/indland/art5594113/Aarhus-Skamrost-model-har-huller, accessed 23 March 2017.

Spalek, B. and Lambert, R. (2008) ‘Muslim communities, counter-terrorism and counter-radicalization: a critically reflective approach to engagement’, International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, (36:4), pp. 257-270.

Thomas, P. (2011) ‘A Contradiction to Community Cohesion? The ‘Preventing Violent Extremism’ Agend’, in Youth, Multiculturalism and Community Cohesion, London: Palgrave Macmillan.

United Nations (2015) Plan of action to prevent violent extremism, Report of the Secretary General, A/70/674, December 2015, available at http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/70/674, accessed 6 September 2018.

Vermeulen, F. (2014) ‘Suspect communities – Targeting Violent Extremism at the local level: Policies of Engagement in Amsterdam, Berlin and London’, Terrorism and Political Violence, (26), pp. 286-306.

Downloads

Published

2018-09-22

Issue

Section

Articles