Visual expertise as embodied practice
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study looks at the practice of thoracic radiology and follows a group of radiologists and radiophysicists in their efforts to find, discuss, and formulate issues or troubles ensuing the implementation of a new radiographic imaging technology. Based in the theoretical tradition of ethnomethodology it examines the local endogenous practices pertaining to the radiologists’ expertise in the interpretation of visual representations and tries to explicate the ways in which they draw upon various resources in order to accomplish their professional tasks. As the study is addressing the topic of visual expertise it also aims to do so in terms that acknowledge that all expertise is rooted in embodied practices. The analysis follows a case of what is called the enacted production of radiological reasoning. One of the central features of the described work is the manner in which it is carried out by way of the living present body of an expert. The experienced radiologist interweaves anatomical and technological terminology with visual representations and gestures in such a way that none of these components can be said to be superfluous to the argumentation. As a consequence, we should appreciate gestures and embodied actions as important means through which expertise become organised. These are parts of a repertoire of methods through which the experts learn their profession. In addition, gestures can also become enrolled in the re-negotiation of expertise in the face of new challenges.
Article Details
How to Cite
Ivarsson, J. (2017). Visual expertise as embodied practice. Frontline Learning Research, 5(3), 123–138. https://doi.org/10.14786/flr.v5i3.253
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References
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Hirschauer, Stefan. (1991). The manufacture of bodies in surgery. Social studies of science, 21, 279-319.
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Koschmann, Timothy, LeBaron, Curtis, Goodwin, Charles, Zemel, Alan, & Dunnington, Gary. (2007). Formulating the triangle of doom. Gesture, 7(1), 97-118.
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Livingston, Eric. (1999). Cultures of Proving. Social studies of science, 29(6), 867-888.
Livingston, Eric. (2008). Ethnographies of reason. Hampshire: Ashgate.
Lynch, M. (1993). Scientific practice and ordinary action: Ethnomethodology and social studies of science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lymer, Gustav. (2010). The work of critique in architectural education. Göteborg: Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis.
Lymer, Gustav, Ivarsson, Jonas, Rystedt, Hans, Johnsson, Åse Allansdotter, Asplund, Sara, & Båth, Magnus. (2014). Situated abstraction. From the particular to the general in second order diagnostic work. Discourse Studies, 16(2), 182-212. doi: 10.1177/1461445613514674
Maynard, Douglas W. (2006). Cognition on the ground. Discourse Studies, 8(1), 105-115.
McNeill, David, & Levy, Elena T. (1993). Cohesion and gesture. Discourse Processes, 16(4), 363-386. doi: 10.1080/01638539309544845
Melander, Helen, & Sahlström, Fritjof. (2009). In tow of the blue whale: Learning as interactional changes in topical orientation. Journal of Pragmatics, 41(8), 1519-1537. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2007.05.013
Merleau-Ponty, Maurice. (1962). Phenomenology of perception. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Mirivel, Julien. (2011). Embodied arguments: Verbal claims and bodily evidence. In J. Streeck, C. Goodwin & C. LeBaron (Eds.), Embodied interaction: Language, and body in the material world (pp. 254-263). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Myers, Natasha. (2008). Molecular Embodiments and the Body-work of Modeling in Protein Crystallography. Social studies of science, 38(2), 163-199. doi: 10.1177/0306312707082969
Ochs, Elinor, Gonzales, Patrick, & Jacoby, Sally. (1996). "When I come down I'm in the domain state": grammar and graphic representation in the interpretive activity of physicists. In E. Ochs, E. A. Schegloff & S. A. Thompson (Eds.), Interaction and grammar (pp. 328-369). Cambridge, MA, England: Cambridge University Press.
Prentice, Rachel. (2005). The Anatomy of a Surgical Simulation: The Mutual Articulation of Bodies in and through the Machine. Social studies of science, 35(6), 837-866. doi: 10.1177/0306312705053351
Rystedt, Hans, Ivarsson, Jonas, Asplund, Sara, Johnsson, Åse Allansdotter, & Båth, Magnus. (2011). Rediscovering radiology. New technologies and remedial action at the worksite. Social studies of science, 41(6), 867-891. doi: 10.1177/0306312711423433
Sacks, Harvey. (1974). An analysis of the course of a joke's telling in conversation. In R. Bauman & J. Sherzer (Eds.), Explorations in the ethnography of speaking (pp. 337-353). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Schegloff, Emanuel A. (1972). Notes on a conversational practice: Formulating place. In D. Sudnow (Ed.), Studies in Social Interaction (pp. 75-119). New York: MacMillan.
Slack, Roger, Hartswood, Mark, Procter, Rob, & Rouncefield, Mark. (2007). Cultures of reading: On professional vision and the lived work of mammography. In S. Hester & D. Francis (Eds.), Orders of ordinary action (pp. 175-193). Aldershot: Ashgate.
Streeck, Jürgen. (2009). Gesturecraft. The manufacture of meaning. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Streeck, Jürgen. (2015). Embodiment in Human Communication. Annual Review of Anthropology, 44(1), 419-438. doi: doi:10.1146/annurev-anthro-102214-014045
Sudnow, David. (1978). Ways of the Hand: The Organization of Improvised Conduct. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Vikgren, Jenny, Zachrisson, Sara, Svalkvist, Angelica, Johnsson, Åse A , Boijsen, Marianne, Flinck, Agneta, Kheddache, Susanne, & Båth, Magnus. (2008). Comparison of chest tomosynthesis and chest radiography for detection of pulmonary nodules: Human observer study of clinical cases. Radiology, 249, 1034-1041.
Asplund, Sara, Johnsson, Åse A, Vikgren, Jenny, Svalkvist, Angelica, Boijsen, Marianne, Fisichella, Valeria, Flinck, Agneta, Wiksell, Åsa, Ivarsson, Jonas, Rystedt, Hans, Månsson, Lars Gunnar , Kheddache, Susanne, & Båth, Magnus. (2011). Learning aspects and guidelines regarding detection of pulmonary nodules and developing quality criteria for chest tomosynthesis. Acta Radiologica, 52, 503-512. doi: 10.1258/ar.2011.100378
Garfinkel, Harold. (1967). Studies in ethnomethodology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Garfinkel, Harold. (2002). Ethnomethodology's program: working out Durkheim's aphorism. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
Gibson, James J. (1968). The senses considered as perceptual systems. London.
Gibson, James J. (1979). The ecological approach to visual perception. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
Goodwin, Charles. (1994). Professional Vision. American Anthropologist, 96(3), 606-633.
Goodwin, Charles. (1996). Transparent vision. In E. Ochs, E. A. Schegloff & S. Thompson (Eds.), Grammar and Interaction. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
Goodwin, Charles. (2000). Action and embodiment within situated human interaction. Journal of Pragmatics, 32, 1489-1522.
Goodwin, Charles. (2007a). Environmentally coupled gestures. In S. Duncan, J. Cassel & E. T. Levy (Eds.), Gesture and the dynamic dimensions of language (pp. 195-212). Philadelphia: John Bejamins.
Goodwin, Charles. (2007b). Participation, stance, and affect in the organization of activities. Discourse and Society, 18(1), 53-73.
Griesemer, James. (2004). Three-dimensional models in philosophical perspective. In S. de Chadarevian & N. Hopwood (Eds.), Models: The third dimension of science (pp. 433-442). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Have, Paul ten. (2004). Understanding qualitative research and ethnomethodology. London: SAGE.
Hindmarsh, Jon, & Heath, Christian. (2000). Embodied reference: A study of deixis in workplace interaction. Journal of Pragmatics, 32, 1855-1878.
Hirschauer, Stefan. (1991). The manufacture of bodies in surgery. Social studies of science, 21, 279-319.
Johnsson, Åse A, Vikgren, J, Svalkvist, A, Zachrisson, Sara, Flinck, A, Boijsen, M, Kheddache, S, Månsson, L G, & Båth, Magnus. (2010). Overview of two years of clinical experience of chest tomosynthesis at Sahlgrenska University Hospital. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 1-6.
Kendon, Adam. (1972). Some relationships between body motion and speech. In A. Siegman & B. Pope (Eds.), Studies in dyadic communication (pp. 177-210). New York: Pergamon Press.
Kendon, Adam. (1997). Gesture. Annual Review of Anthropology, 26, 109-128.
Koschmann, Timothy, & LeBaron, Curtis. (2002). Learner Articulation as Interactional Achievement: Studying the Conversation of Gesture. Cognition and Instruction, 20(2), 249-282.
Koschmann, Timothy, LeBaron, Curtis, Goodwin, Charles, & Feltovich, P. (2011). 'can you see the cystic artery yet?' A simple matter of trust. Journal of Pragmatics, 43(2), 521-541.
Koschmann, Timothy, LeBaron, Curtis, Goodwin, Charles, Zemel, Alan, & Dunnington, Gary. (2007). Formulating the triangle of doom. Gesture, 7(1), 97-118.
Kundel, Harold L, Nodine, Calvin F, & Toto, Lawrence. (1991). Searching for lung nodules. The guidance of visual scanning. Investigative Radiology, 26, 777-781.
LeBaron, Curtis, & Koschmann, Timothy. (2003). Gesture and the transparency of understanding. In P. Glenn, C. LeBaron & J. Mandelbaum (Eds.), Studies in language and social interaction (pp. 102-112). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
LeBaron, Curtis, & Streeck, Jürgen. (2000). Gestures, knowledge, and the world. In D. McNeill (Ed.), Language and Gesture (pp. 118-138). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lesgold, A., Rubinson, H., Feltovich, P., Glaser, R., Klopfer, D., & Wang, Y. (1988). Expertise in a complex skill: Diagnosing x-ray pictures. In M. Chi, R. Glaser, & M. Farr (Eds.), The nature of expertise (pp. 310-342). London: Routledge.
Liberman, Kenneth. (2015). Turn-taking in the surfer's lineup. SurferToday.com. http://www.surfertoday.com/surfing/12275-turn-taking-in-the-surfers-lineup-an-academic-analysis-by-kenneth-liberman
Lindwall, Oskar, & Ekström, Anna. (2012). Instruction-in-interaction: The teaching and learning of a manual skill. Human Studies, 35, 27-49.
Livingston, Eric. (1999). Cultures of Proving. Social studies of science, 29(6), 867-888.
Livingston, Eric. (2008). Ethnographies of reason. Hampshire: Ashgate.
Lynch, M. (1993). Scientific practice and ordinary action: Ethnomethodology and social studies of science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lymer, Gustav. (2010). The work of critique in architectural education. Göteborg: Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis.
Lymer, Gustav, Ivarsson, Jonas, Rystedt, Hans, Johnsson, Åse Allansdotter, Asplund, Sara, & Båth, Magnus. (2014). Situated abstraction. From the particular to the general in second order diagnostic work. Discourse Studies, 16(2), 182-212. doi: 10.1177/1461445613514674
Maynard, Douglas W. (2006). Cognition on the ground. Discourse Studies, 8(1), 105-115.
McNeill, David, & Levy, Elena T. (1993). Cohesion and gesture. Discourse Processes, 16(4), 363-386. doi: 10.1080/01638539309544845
Melander, Helen, & Sahlström, Fritjof. (2009). In tow of the blue whale: Learning as interactional changes in topical orientation. Journal of Pragmatics, 41(8), 1519-1537. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2007.05.013
Merleau-Ponty, Maurice. (1962). Phenomenology of perception. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Mirivel, Julien. (2011). Embodied arguments: Verbal claims and bodily evidence. In J. Streeck, C. Goodwin & C. LeBaron (Eds.), Embodied interaction: Language, and body in the material world (pp. 254-263). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Myers, Natasha. (2008). Molecular Embodiments and the Body-work of Modeling in Protein Crystallography. Social studies of science, 38(2), 163-199. doi: 10.1177/0306312707082969
Ochs, Elinor, Gonzales, Patrick, & Jacoby, Sally. (1996). "When I come down I'm in the domain state": grammar and graphic representation in the interpretive activity of physicists. In E. Ochs, E. A. Schegloff & S. A. Thompson (Eds.), Interaction and grammar (pp. 328-369). Cambridge, MA, England: Cambridge University Press.
Prentice, Rachel. (2005). The Anatomy of a Surgical Simulation: The Mutual Articulation of Bodies in and through the Machine. Social studies of science, 35(6), 837-866. doi: 10.1177/0306312705053351
Rystedt, Hans, Ivarsson, Jonas, Asplund, Sara, Johnsson, Åse Allansdotter, & Båth, Magnus. (2011). Rediscovering radiology. New technologies and remedial action at the worksite. Social studies of science, 41(6), 867-891. doi: 10.1177/0306312711423433
Sacks, Harvey. (1974). An analysis of the course of a joke's telling in conversation. In R. Bauman & J. Sherzer (Eds.), Explorations in the ethnography of speaking (pp. 337-353). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Schegloff, Emanuel A. (1972). Notes on a conversational practice: Formulating place. In D. Sudnow (Ed.), Studies in Social Interaction (pp. 75-119). New York: MacMillan.
Slack, Roger, Hartswood, Mark, Procter, Rob, & Rouncefield, Mark. (2007). Cultures of reading: On professional vision and the lived work of mammography. In S. Hester & D. Francis (Eds.), Orders of ordinary action (pp. 175-193). Aldershot: Ashgate.
Streeck, Jürgen. (2009). Gesturecraft. The manufacture of meaning. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Streeck, Jürgen. (2015). Embodiment in Human Communication. Annual Review of Anthropology, 44(1), 419-438. doi: doi:10.1146/annurev-anthro-102214-014045
Sudnow, David. (1978). Ways of the Hand: The Organization of Improvised Conduct. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Vikgren, Jenny, Zachrisson, Sara, Svalkvist, Angelica, Johnsson, Åse A , Boijsen, Marianne, Flinck, Agneta, Kheddache, Susanne, & Båth, Magnus. (2008). Comparison of chest tomosynthesis and chest radiography for detection of pulmonary nodules: Human observer study of clinical cases. Radiology, 249, 1034-1041.