Sexual and Psychological Abuse of Men in Heterosexual Relationships in The Bahamas

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15362/ijbs.v29i2.537

Keywords:

Psychological Abuse, Psychologically abused men, Abused men, Bahamian men, Male sexual abuse victims

Abstract

This paper describes the treatment of heterosexual men in The Bahamas by their intimate partners. An internet study surveyed 335 married and 922 unmarried men in The Bahamas who were currently in intimate relationships with women. The study found that behaviours of concern were inflicted by women on their male partners both inside and outside of marriage. Overall, 14% of respondents reported experiencing sex against their will. Married and unmarried men were equally likely to report experiencing unwanted sexual intercourse in their current relationship, and unmarried men were more likely than married men to have been physically hurt by their current partner. Married men who admitted to being victims of unwanted sexual intercourse by their wives were more likely to report having been physically hurt by their wife than those who had not experienced unwanted sex. Psychological abuse was more evident for unmarried than married men. These findings suggest that men may need more help in coping with abuse than is commonly recognized. Investigating why abusive behaviours, including unwanted sex, were more common outside of marriage than inside of marriage may be a useful area of future research in the Bahamian community.

Author Biography

William J. Fielding, University of The Bahamas

Director, Planning Office Office of The President The College of The Bahamas

References

Aborisade, R. A. (2023). Report and risk being called a weakling?: Perspectives of male victims on sociocultural barriers to reporting domestic abuse in Nigeria. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2023.2194252

Agarwal, N., Abdalla, S. M., & Cohen, G. H. (2022). Marital rape and its impact on the mental health of women in India: A systematic review. PLOS Global Public Health, 2(6), e0000601. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0000601

Al-Asadi, A. M. (2021). Comparison between male and female survivors of sexual abuse and assault in relation to age at admission to therapy, age of onset, and age at last sexual assault: retrospective observational study. JMIRx Med, 2(4), e23713. https://doi.org/10.2196/23713

Atapour, N., Falsafinejad, M. R., Ahmadi, K., & Khodabakhshi-Koolaee, A. (2021). A study of the processes and contextual factors of marital infidelity. Practice in Clinical Psychology, 9(3), 211–226. http://jpcp.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-749-en.html

Bahamas Crisis Centre. (n.d.). Domestic violence & abuse [Webpage]. http://www.bahamascrisiscentre.com/index.php/get-informed/domestic-violence-abuse/

Bahamas Department of Statistics. (2012). 2010 census of population and housing. https://www.bahamas.gov.bs/wps/wcm/connect/a6761484-9fa0-421d-a745-34c706049a88/Microsoft+Word+-+2010+CENSUS+FIRST+RELEASE+REPORT.pdf?MOD=AJPERES

Bahamas Ministry of Health & Wellness. (2023). Bahamas STEPS 2019 report: Non-communicable diseases and risk factors in the Bahamian society. https://www.bahamas.gov.bs/wps/wcm/connect/8e206e24-5e7d-4dc9-a153-01df9c0d5e74/STEPS+VOL+1+eBook+%5BFinal%5D+%282%29.pdf?MOD=AJPERES.

Bahamas Ministry of Health. (2019). The Bahamas STEPS survey 2019: Fact sheet. https://www.bahamas.gov.bs/wps/wcm/connect/891fac39-ad7d-4aa8-ac54-39912a1afcea/Preliminary+Factsheet+v7+%28med+resl%27n%29.pdf?MOD=AJPERES

Bahamas National Task Force for Gender-Based Violence. (2015). Strategic plan to address gender-based violence. Ministry of Social Services and Community Development. https://www.bahamas.gov.bs/wps/wcm/connect/3be7c3ad-862c-4c0f-ac44-a2833552e00b/GBV+REPORT.Final.+August2015.pdf?MOD=AJPERES

Bethel, M. (2019). The criminalisation of marital rape and intimate partner sexual violence across the Commonwealth. Equity & Justice Alliance.

Bethell-Bennett, I. A. (2016). Enlightened sexism, structural violence or the failure of representative democracy? The 2016 Gender Equality Referendum. International Journal of Bahamian Studies, 22, 54–60. https://doi.org/10.15362/ijbs.v22i0.272

Brockdorf, A. N., Gratz, K. L., Messman, T. L., & DiLillo, D. (2023). Trauma symptoms and deliberate self-harm among sexual violence survivors: Examining state emotion regulation and reactivity as dual mechanisms. Psychology of Violence, 13(1), 23–33. https://doi.org/10.1037/vio0000432

Burke, P. J., Stets, J. E., & Pirog-Good, M. A. (1988). Gender identity, self-esteem, and physical and sexual abuse in dating relationships. Social Psychology Quarterly, 51(3), 272–285. https://doi.org/10.2307/2786925

Carroll, M. A., Fielding, W. J., Brennen, S., & Hutcheson, S. P. (2016). Rearing violence: Violence towards children in the home. In W. J. Fielding, V. C. F. Ballance, & I. G. Strachan (Eds.), Violence in The Bahamas (pp. 31–62). University of The Bahamas. https://www.dloc.com/AA00078778/00005/pdf

Chukwuma, I. (2021). ‘I will show the man pepper’: Factors underlying male spousal abuse in Lagos Metropolis [Advance preprint]. Advance Social Sciences and Humanities. https://doi.org/10.31124/advance.16830772.v1

Das, S., Pramanik, S., Ray, D., & Banerjee, D. (2022). “The unheard voices”: Lived experiences of sexual abuse in male survivors. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 44(5), 474–478. https://doi.org/10.1177/0253717620972912

Đurđević, S. K., Đurđević, A. S., & Lukić, A. R. (2022). The abuse of men by women. Зборник Радова Филозофског Факултета у Приштини, 52(1), 391–407. https://doi.org/10.5937/zrffp52-34405

Fielding, W. J., & Ballance, V. (2020). The hidden reach of Covid-19 in The Bahamas: Its association with child discipline in the home. [ResearchGate preprint] https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.35595.72488

Fielding, W. J., & Ballance, V. C. (Eds.). (2022). Sexual violence in The Bahamas: An introduction. University of The Bahamas. https://original-ufdc.uflib.ufl.edu/AA00091334/00001

Fielding, W. J., Ballance, V. C. F., & Hall Campbell-Dean, N. (2023). In The Bahamas “She must give it up”: Sexual abuse of women in heterosexual relationships by their intimate partners. International Journal of Bahamian Studies, 29(2), 15-32, https://doi.org/10.15362/ijbs.v29i2.495

Follingstad, D. R. (2009). The impact of psychological aggression on women's mental health and behavior: The status of the field. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 10(3), 271–289. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838009334453

Foster, T. A. (2011). The sexual abuse of Black men under American slavery. Journal of the History of Sexuality, 20(3), 445–464. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41305880

Fraser, M. A. (2019). Factors contributing to victim employment, victim income status, and intimate partner violence in Jamaica [Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Central Florida]. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=7484&context=etd

Ghinassi, S., Ponti, L., & Tani, F. (2021). Forms of psychological abuse in heterosexual and homosexual romantic relationships. Mediterranean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 9(2), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.13129/2282-1619/mjcp-2989

Gibby, J. G. (2021). The relationship experiences of male survivors of sexual abuse: A qualitative analysis [Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Brigham Young University]. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/9152

Gilchrist, G., Potts, L. C., Connolly, D. J., Winstock, A., Barratt, M. J., Ferris, J., Gilchrist, E., & Davies, E. (2023). Experience and perpetration of intimate partner violence and abuse by gender of respondent and their current partner before and during COVID-19 restrictions in 2020: A cross-sectional study in 13 countries. BMC Public Health, 23(1), 316. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-14635-2

Grant, M. T. (1999). Sweethearting: A study of infidelity among married males and females in the Commonwealth of the Bahamas [Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Clark Atlanta University]. https://radar.auctr.edu/islandora/object/cau.td%3A1999_grant_mishelle_t

Green, J. D., Kearns, J. C., Ledoux, A. M., Addis, M. E., & Marx, B. P. (2018). The association between masculinity and nonsuicidal self-injury. American Journal of Men's Health, 12(1), 30–40. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988315624508

Harwell, T. S., Moore, K. R., & Spence, M. R. (2003). Physical violence, intimate partner violence, and emotional abuse among adult American Indian men and women in Montana. Preventive Medicine, 37(4), 297–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0091-7435(03)00136-1

Hines, D. A., & Malley-Morrison, K. (2001). Psychological effects of partner abuse against men: A neglected research area. Psychology of Men & Masculinity 2(2), 75–85. https://doi.org/10.1037/1524-9220.2.2.75

Hutcheson, S., & Major, R. M. (2016). Suicide: An overview. In W. J. Fielding, V. C. F. Ballance, & I. G. Strachan (Eds.), Violence in The Bahamas (pp. 171–180). University of The Bahamas. https://original-ufdc.uflib.ufl.edu/AA00078778/00013

James, C. E., & Davis, A. (2014). Jamaican males' readings of masculinities and the relationship to violence. Caribbean Review of Gender Studies, 8, 79–112. https://sta.uwi.edu/crgs/december2014/journals/CRGS_8_Pgs079-112_JamaicanMales_CEJamesADavis.pdf

Johnson, P. (2016). Violence in schools. In W. J. Fielding, V. C. F. Ballance, & I. G. Strachan (Eds.), Violence in The Bahamas (pp. 113–133). University of The Bahamas. https://original-ufdc.uflib.ufl.edu/AA00078778/00010

Luft, H. S. V., (2017). Safe sex communication between women and their stable partners in the Dominican Republic. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Columbia University]. https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/doi/10.7916/D8C82NPS

Mahoney, P., & Williams, L. M. (1998). Sexual assault in marriage: Prevalence, consequences, and treatment of wife rape. In J. L. Jasinski & L. M. Williams (Eds.), Partner violence: A comprehensive review of 20 years of research (pp. 113–162). Sage. http://www.ncdsv.org/images/nnfr_partnerviolence_a20-yearliteraturereviewandsynthesis.pdf

Martin-Mack, C. (2012). Homophobic attitudes and stigma toward gay men and lesbians in the Caribbean: A systematic review of the literature [Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Pittsburgh]. http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/16552/1/Martin-Mackc_thesis2012.pdf

Murty, S. A., Peek-Asa, C., Zwerling, C., Stromquist, A. M., Burmeister, L. F., & Merchant, J. A. (2003). Physical and emotional partner abuse reported by men and women in a rural community. American Journal of Public Health, 93(7), 1073–1075. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.93.7.1073

National Coalition Against Domestic Violence. (n.d.). Statistics. https://ncadv.org/statistics

Nicolls, D., Russell-Smith, C., Dean-Patterson, S., Deveaux-Stuart, L. D., Gibson-Mobley, I., Williams, E. J., Pinder-Darling, A., & Fielding, W. J. (2014). Attitudes of high school students regarding intimate relationships and gender norms in New Providence, The Bahamas. International Journal of Bahamian Studies, 20(1), 38–51. https://doi.org/10.15362/ijbs.v20i1.225

Oliver, B. E. (2007). Preventing female-perpetrated sexual abuse. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 8(1), 19–32. http://www.jstor.org/stable/26636167

Otterbein, K., F. (1963). The family organization of the Andros islanders: a case study of the mating system and household composition of a community in the Bahama Islands [Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Pittsburgh].

Peitzmeier, S. M., Fedina, L., Ashwell, L., Herrenkohl, T. I., & Tolman, R. (2022) Increases in intimate partner violence during COVID-19: Prevalence and correlates. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37, 21–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605211052586

Plumridge, S. J., & Fielding, W. J. (2009). Domestic violence in the homes of college students, New Providence, The Bahamas. College of The Bahamas Research Journal, 15, 45–55. https://doi.org/10.15362/ijbs.v15i0.116

Rodríguez-Carballeira, Á., Porrúa-García, C., Escartín, J., Martín-Peña, J., & Almendros, C. (2014). Taxonomy and hierarchy of strategies of psychological abuse in intimate partner relationships. Anales de Psicología/Annals of Psychology, 30(3), 916–926. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=16731690036

Rolle, L. (2022, August 30). ‘Startling’ rise in rape attacks. The Tribune. http://www.tribune242.com/news/2022/aug/30/startling-rise-rape-attacks/

Sachs-Ericsson, N., Kendall-Tackett, K. A., Sheffler, J., Arce, D., Rushing, N. C., & Corsentino, E. (2014). Aging & Mental Health, 18(6), 717–730. https://10.1080/13607863.2014.884538

Sackett, L. A., & Saunders, D. G. (1999). The impact of different forms of psychological abuse on battered women. Violence and Victims, 14(1), 105–117. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.14.1.105

Scott-Storey, K., O’Donnell, S., Ford-Gilboe, M., Varcoe, C., Wathen, N., Malcolm, J., & Vincent, C. (2023). What about the men? A critical review of men’s experiences of intimate partner violence. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 24(2), 858–872. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380211043827

Sexual abuse. (2023). Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/sexual-abuse

Sexual Offences and Domestic Violence Act (1991) Bahamas (Ch. 99). http://laws.bahamas.gov.bs/cms/images/LEGISLATION/PRINCIPAL/1991/1991-0009/SexualOffencesAct_1.pdf

Sherin, K. M., Sinacore, J. M., Li, X. Q., Zitter, R. E., & Shakil, A. (1998). HITS: A short domestic violence screening tool for use in a family practice setting. Family Medicine, 30(7), 508–512. http://www.stfm.org/fmhub/FULLPDF/JULYAUG98/cram1.pdf

Stavrova, O., Pronk, T., & Denissen, J. (2022). Estranged and unhappy? Examining the dynamics of personal and relationship well-being surrounding infidelity. Psychological Science, 34(2), 143-169. https://doi.org/10.1177/09567976221116892

Stewart, S. L., Toohey, A., Celebre, A., & Poss, J. W. (2021). Abuse, mental state, and health factors pre and during the COVID-19 pandemic: A comparison among clinically referred adolescents in Ontario, Canada. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(19), 10184. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910184

The Official Nassau Guardian Ltd. (2017, December 19). Lanisha Rolle: Marital rape is a private issue [Video]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/NassauGuardian/videos/lanisha-rolle-marital-rape-is-a-private-issue/1772385732800349/

Thompson, M. J., Hackney, K., Crawford, W., Bonner, J. M., & Carlson, D. S. (2023). Partner psychological abuse: Can you leave home at work?. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 96, 457–472. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12427

Twenge, J. M., Cooper, A. B., Joiner, T. E., Duffy, M. E., & Binau, S. G. (2019). Age, period, and cohort trends in mood disorder indicators and suicide-related outcomes in a nationally representative dataset, 2005–2017. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 128(3), 185–199. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000410

United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, December 18, 1979, https://treaties.un.org/doc/Treaties/1981/09/19810903%2005-18%20AM/Ch_IV_8p.pdf

Wang, B., Stanton, B., Deveaux, L., Li, X., Koci, V., & Lunn, S. (2014). The impact of parent involvement in an effective adolescent risk reduction intervention on sexual risk communication and adolescent outcomes. AIDS Education and Prevention, 26(6), 500–520. https://doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2014.26.6.500

Wang, W. (2018). Who cheats more? The demographics of infidelity in America [Blog post]. Institute for Family Studies. https://ifstudies.org/blog/who-cheats-more-the-demographics-of-cheating-in-america

Williams E. J., Fielding W. J., & Ballance, V. C. (2021). Mental health and negative sexual experiences of Bahamian university students. International Journal of Bahamian Studies, 27, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.15362/ijbs.v27i0.395

World Bank. (2020). Individuals using the Internet (% of population) - Bahamas, The. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IT.NET.USER.ZS?locations=BS

Zondi, N. (2007). When marriage as an institution ceases to be a partnership: contested issues of rape and other forms of sexual abuse as condoned by culture. Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity, 21(74), 20–28. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27739337

Downloads

Published

2023-11-30